| White exhaust smoke and coolant loss | Head gasket, cracked head, coolant entering a cylinder or, on some engines, another coolant-fed component | High | Cooling pressure test, combustion-gas check and compression or leak-down testing |
| Blue smoke or high oil use | Turbo seals, valve-stem seals, piston rings, PCV fault or external leak reaching hot parts | Medium to high | Leak inspection, PCV and turbo checks, spark-plug reading, compression and leak-down tests |
| Knocking or low oil pressure | Low oil level, wrong oil, worn bearings, blocked pickup, oil pump fault or internal damage | Critical | Stop engine, verify oil level, measure mechanical oil pressure and inspect the filter or sump |
| Misfire and rough idle | Plug, coil, injector, air leak, carbon buildup, low compression or timing issue | Varies | Scan live data, isolate the cylinder and test ignition, fueling and compression |
| Overheating | Leak, fan issue, thermostat, water pump, restricted radiator, trapped air or internal sealing fault | High | Pressure test, fan activation check, temperature comparison and coolant-circulation assessment |
| Loss of power | Boost leak, turbo fault, fuel delivery, blocked exhaust, sensor error, timing deviation or low compression | Varies | Scan under load, smoke-test intake, review fuel and boost data, then test mechanical condition |